As long as your controller board is set up to limit the current to the value of one motor it is unlikely to sustain any damage.
It is not, however, considered a very good idea to do this and it would much better for each stepper to have its own controller axis. There are many reasons but the modern controller chips measure back emf and reduce current when motors are stationary etc and connecting two motors (series or parallel) tends to confuse the poor little chip's logic.
Tweakie.