{most} Stepper motors take 200 full steps/rev. if you have a pulley or gear with a pitch diameter of 1" you will get 1" of travel per 200 steps. and so on. speed is relative to your machine, size of stepper etc. etc. so there is not a newby answer for this one. Yes everything can be calculated. If you are embarking on a cnc build I would suggest copying some ones design that has a proven machine. buying the wrong parts and then buying the right parts cost a lot of money and time.
Weldsmith